01
Frame-rate conversion in HD & UHD
NTSC and PAL rate families, 25/50 vs 29.97/59.94, and the difference between preserving frames and preserving duration.
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Technical field notes
Know the numbers
behind the picture.
Practical reference for editorial calculations, film footage, broadcast timing and synchronization. Built around the decisions that change your numbers.
Formats and delivery.
Start with the timebase, counting mode and delivery assumptions.
02
Drop-frame vs non-drop-frame
Understand 29.97 and 59.94 counting, skipped labels and the relationship between timecode and elapsed time.
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03
From film to digital delivery
24, 23.976 and 25 fps: conform speed, pulldown, audio timing and scanned-film workflows.
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Work through the timing.
Detailed references, worked examples and checks for the camera department, edit suite and sound stage.
04
Calculating clip duration & timecode differences
Count the frames between edit points, resolve inclusive out points and handle drop-frame labels, midnight and mixed-rate assumptions.
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05
Film footage, frame counts & running time
Plan 16 mm, Super 16 and 35 mm rolls with explicit perf, frame-rate and reserve assumptions. Keep camera time separate from playback time.
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06
2:3 pulldown & inverse telecine
Follow four film pictures through five interlaced frames. Understand cadence, fractional rates, inverse telecine and progressive delivery.
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07
Timecode, genlock & word clock
Separate frame labels, video timing and audio sample clocks. Understand jam sync, drift and camera-specific synchronization exceptions.
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Production to post.
Sound pulls, camera rates, film identities and delivery standards. Keep the assumptions with the media.
08
Audio pull-up and pull-down
Separate audio speed changes, sample-rate metadata and SRC, with exact 48 kHz and 48.048 kHz examples.
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09
Camera sensor, project and timecode rates
Separate capture speed, project playback and timecode. Work through off-speed examples and verified camera-specific sound behavior.
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10
KEYKODE and film scan identifiers
Connect physical film identification, logical reels, scan filenames and timecode. Keep every frame relationship explicit.
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11
Broadcast formats and timing standards
Read progressive, interlaced and PsF formats, timecode carriage and a practical map of cited standards editions.
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The reference desk.
Equations, definitions and printable sheets for the next handoff.
Timecode mathematics
Equations, exact rates, DF/NDF algorithms and downloadable validation examples.
Open referenceTiming glossary
Search definitions across editorial, camera, sound and scanned-film workflows.
Open referencePrintable reference sheets
Frame-rate relationships, film footage factors and a production-to-post checklist, in HTML and PDF.
Open referenceA note on scope
Timecode is one part
of the decision.
A frame-rate change can preserve picture frames or preserve elapsed duration. Those are different operations. These guides separate the timing mathematics from media processing, so you can choose the right calculation for your workflow.
Timecode Pro is a calculator. Conforming, retiming, deinterlacing and rendering media belong in your editing or mastering tools.